White lesion is most common pathological as well as physiological entity of the oral cavity out of which leukoplakia is the most common form of white patch that is found in the oral cavity. There are many types of leukoplakia, oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is one of them and it is a rare clinico-pathological entity, which is slow growing, long-term progressive lesion, but remains an enigmatic and difficult to define. It may or may not be associated with tobacco usage. It is observed more frequently in women and elderly patients over 60 years. The buccal mucosa and tongue are the most frequently involved sites. It develops initially as a white plaque of hyperkeratosis that eventually becomes a multifocal disease with confluent, exophytic and proliferative features. This article describes a case of verrucous leukoplakia which is present on the left side of buccal mucosa along with clinical aspect and histological features.

Aim: The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the cutting efficiency of heat treated nickel titanium endodontic files with conventional nickel titanium endodontic files.
METHODS: The study began with targeted electronic searches of PUBMED database, and subject specified databases, followed with exhaustive manual searching and citation mining for all articles reporting the cutting efficiency of heat treated NiTi and/or conventional NiTi files, in human extracted teeth, analyzed under Micro-CT.
Results: Seven articles met the inclusion criteria with a moderate to high risk of bias. Available scientific evidence gives data that there is no significant difference in the cutting efficacy between heat treated NiTi files and conventional NiTi files.
CONCLUSION: Even though heat treatment can improve the mechanical behavior of NiTi alloy, the effect of heat treatment on the cutting efficiency of NiTi instruments is still unclear.

The role of risk factors in the prediction of clinical periodontal outcomes, and thus in patient management, continues to be a subject of high professional interest and clinical relevance globally. Identifying risk factors as well as undertaking measures that can reduce the risk, can help in maintaining oral health and prevent the onset of any form of periodontal disease. Risk management involves dental care providers to identify patients and populations at increased risk of developing periodontal disease. The awareness of risk factors also helps for identification and treatment of co morbidities in the general population as many periodontal disease risk factors are common to other chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke.

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Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the incidence of canine impaction &transmigration in Kanpur Orthodontic population.
Materials & Methods: A retrospective study was designed in which records (dental casts, OPG, IOPA) of consecutive 2730 patients who visited department of Orthodontics, Rama Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre, were evaluated.
Results: The overall incidence of canine impaction was 7.2%. The number of patients with maxillary canine impaction was 125 (50 male & 75 female, incidence 4.57%) and mandibular canine impaction was 27 (male 12 & female 15, incidence 0.98%) and with both maxillary & mandibular canine impaction was 15 (male 6 & female 9, incidence 0.54%). The incidence of mandibular canine transmigration in our study was found to be 0.219%.
Conclusion: The overall incidence of canine was found to be 7.2%.The incidence of maxillary canine impaction was found to be 4.57%.The incidence of mandibular canine impaction was found to be 0.98%.The incidence of mandibular canine transmigration in our study was found to be 0.219%. No case of maxillary canine transmigration was found.

Recent progress in cellular and molecular biology has led to the development of new approaches for vaccinations against a wide variety of infectious diseases. These approaches have the potential to prevent infection in humans. It has been known for a very long time that people who successfully recovered from a sickness went on to build subsequent resistance to that disease. Edward Jenner is credited for developing and establishing the notion of vaccination in the late 18th century. He did so by making use of the cross protection offered by the cowpox virus, which does not cause disease in humans. We have the potential to analyse all of the genes and proteins from any human disease because to the rapid rise of microbial genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis tools. This is possible because of the quick expansion of these fields. This method has the potential to present us with fresh targets for the development of antimicrobial medications and vaccines. However, in order to actualize this potential and pick these targets from the plethora of available candidates using modern bioinformatics and experimental methods, which are necessary steps, the method of inducing specific immune resistance to fight off an infection caused by bacteria or viruses is called vaccination. This review article encompasses the literature review of periodontal vaccine.