Back ground: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging pathogen that is difficult to treat due to the multiresistance of the bacteria upon infection. Molecular epidemiology is important for prevention and control of infection. The present study is undertaken to find out the prevalence and gene causing resistance mechanisms for MRSA isolates.

Objectives: Molecular Characterization of ermA Gene in MRSA isolates at a Tertiary care centre in Kanpur

Methods Our study was a cross sectional study which was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Central Research Lab of RMCH &RC for a period of 1 year i.e , February 2021 to January 2022. The bacteria were initially identified by colony morphology; mannitol fermentation, Gram characteristics, catalase test, coagulase test, and DNase activity the antimicrobial susceptibility to vancomycin, linezolid, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, gentamicin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, rifampicin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and tetracycline were measured in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines at our laboratory. Resistance mechanisms for the detection of ermA gene was then analyzed by DNA extraction using Qiagen DNA kit followed by polymerase chain reaction.

Results: All the MRSA isolates were sensitive to linezolid, Teicoplanin, vancomycin, Gentamycin and Resistance to Cefoxitin and Oxacillin, following the CLSI guidelines standards. A total of 180 isolates was included in our study, out of which 80 were confirmed to be MRSA by CX, OX and Etest methods. . The prevalence of MRSA was found to be 44.4 % in our study. Remaining 100 were MSSA. From the 80 MRSA isolates, 21 were found to be D test positive, whereas 16 were confirmed cMLSB while the other 15 were noticed to be MS phenotype and 15 were found sensitive phenotypes .Molecular characterization for the detection of drug resistance gene ermA gene was carried out in which 12 isolates carried ermA gene.

Conclusion: High levels of resistance to second-line antimicrobials threaten the treatment of nosocomial respiratory infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus with decreased susceptibility to linezolid and vancomycin. Hence, there is a need for continuous monitoring and implementation of better control strategies for the control of Antibiotic resistance.

Introduction: Emergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has paved way for the resurgence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. While HIV is the most powerful risk factor for the progression of M. tuberculosis infection to Tuberculosis (TB) disease, TB accelerates the progression of HIV infection to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and shortens the survival of such patients.

Objectives: To find the HIV co-Infection among Tuberculosis Patients in a tertiary care hospital, Kanpur

Methods The present study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, in a Rama medical college hospital & research centre Kanpur India over a period of one year from July 2021 to Dec 2021. Ethical clearance was duly obtained from the Institute Ethical Committee for conducting the study. Samples were collected from patients attending Integrated Counseling and Test Centre (ICTC) & DOTs clinic of the hospital referred from various OPD & Indoors Clinical samples including blood and sputum were taken from the from the patients following the guidelines of NACO & NTEP India after obtaining due informed consent.

Results: In this study of total 36 patients confirmed TB patients, Of these 7 (19.4%) were females and 29 (80.5%) were males. There were more patients in the 21–51 years age group 30 (83.3%) than in any other age group. Patients between 1 and 20 years of age were the least (2.7%). These 36 TB confirmed cases were screened for presence of HIV antibodies.The overall prevalence of co-infection of M. tuberculosis and HIV in this population was 8(22.2%). According to genderwise distribution ,it was 6 (75%) and 2(25%) among males and females, respectively. The prevalence of co-infection also varied with age of the patients. It was highest among TB patients aged 21–51 years 5(62.5%) followed by those aged 51–61 years 2(25%), more than 60 years 1(12.5%), and least among those aged 1–20 years (0%).

Conclusion: :The study showed that 22.2% of HIV infected persons had tuberculosis co-infection. More strategic preventive measures that enhance body immunity among HIV patients are highly needed as early as possible before they develop active tuberculosis

Introduction: The emergence of Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) poses a major public health problem since it was first reported. Enterococci are important human pathogens that cause many infections including nosocomial infections. Around, 80 - 90% of infections are commonly caused by E. faecalis followed by E. faecium with a contribution of about 10 - 15% along with emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) resistance towards many antibiotics including to high level aminoglycosides

Aim and objective: To study the Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin resistant enterococci isolated from urine samples at a tertiary care centre in Kanpur

Material and Methods: : It was a cross sectional study which was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Central Research Lab of RMCH &RC Mandhana, Kanpur for a period of 1 year i.e ,January 2021 to December 2022. A total of 135 Enterococci isolates were collected from clinical samples of urine was obtained which were then processed to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur. The Isolated Enterococcal spp were further processed for the Microscopic examination, Biochemical’s test and species differentiation according to the CLSI guidelines. The Identification of VRE was done by the E-test strip method and the MIC determination of vancomycin using agar dilution method. Molecular characterization of all VRE isolates was performed for the detection of resistance gene by using the DNA extraction Qiagen Kit.

Results: Out of the 135 Enteroccoccal isolates, 15 isolates were E. faecium and 120 were E. faecalis. Among 10 VRE, 6 were E. faecium and 4 was E. faecalis Out of the total 135 Enterococcal spp 10 was found to be VRE by agar dilution method. The prevalence of VRE in our study was 7.4%.AST pattern showed that, resistance to HLG was 60% and 46% to HLS. Similarly, resistance pattern shown by Enterococcal spp to various antibiotics was as follows; penicillin (86%), tetracycline (14%), ciprofloxacin (100%), vancomycin (14%), teicoplanin (14%), linezolid (12%), nitrofurantoin (32%), norfloxacin (54%), & erythromycin (50%).. Molecular testing for the detection of genes responsible for vancomycin resistance showed that 6 VRE isolates contained VanA & VanB genes out of which 1 isolate contained both vanA & VanB genes and 5 other isolates contained only vanA genes. However, remaining 4 VRE isolates contained genes other than VanA or VanB.

Conclusion: The prevalence of VRE and drug resistant Enterococci are on rise in Uttar pradesh. Enterococcal isolates showed resistance to one or more of the commonly prescribed drugs in different or the same drug lines. There is an increase in cases of Multidrug resistant (MDR) enterococci observed. The increasing emergence of resistance to Daptomycin and Linezolid is an alarm for searching new ways for the treatment and control of VRE infections in hospital to be done urgently on priority

Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be the most common sexually transmissible infection (STI) in the world, comprising over 150 related DNA viruses with a high negative impact on individual social life. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered as the major risk factor for the development of cervical cancer second in India, cervical cancer contributes to approximately 6–29% of all cancers in women

Aim and Objective: To study the Prevalence and its Risk associated factors of Oncogenic Human Papilloma virus Infection with Patients suffering from Chronic Cervicitis at a Health Care setup.

Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study which was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Central Research Lab, RMCH&RC over a period of 1 year i.e., January 2021 to December 2022. The women aged 21 to 60 years of age who came for routine cervical cancer screening at Rama Hospital were included in our study. Socio demographic profile and clinical data was recorded and detection of HPV infection was done using HPV test specific to HPV16/18 in cervical swabs. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) was used to determine cervical lesions.

Results: A total of 230 women who came for routine cervical cancer screening were included in our study with the age ranging from 21 to 60 years. The maximum number of cases was found in the age group of 31-40 years with rural participants being affected the most. Among them the number of housewives was more in number as compared to divorce and the never married. In the present study the overall prevalence of HPV and cervical lesions was 11.3% and 18.6%. Whereas with no cervical lesions was 0.8.

Conclusion: In developing countries, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, and 91% of global estimated HPV-related cancer deaths are due to cervical cancer. HPV vaccines will reduce but not eliminate the risk of cervical cancer, and screening programmes will be important interventions for cervical cancer even after HPV vaccines are introduced, although the procedures used for screening may be needed to be adapted. The cervical cancer screening programs should be followed.