June 2024 Volume 10 Issue 2

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Fermentative Conversion of Fruit and Vegetable Waste into Bioethanol through Microbial Fermentation

Bhagya Laxmi and Shraddha Sahu

  • Pages: 1-9
    • <p>Waste fruits and vegetables are a problem for the environment and require recycling. Waste biomass feedstock is a source of renewable energy resources and an amount of energy production potential and the 10-15 % energy required from global demands and solved from the issue of fuel scarcity, fossil fuel exhaustion, and greenhouse gas emissions. Bioethanol as a renewable bio-energy is very importance in recent years for a greener earth and global matter against world air pollution. Simple, complexity and highest Carbohydrate are content of fruits and vegetables residues, these also are sugar, which may be used as fresh material, as raw for producing of bioethanol through microbial culture. 80 % bioethanol in recent studies are obtained from the food stock sugar, starch in compared to lignocellulosic material more interest is generated. It is the purpose of the study to explain levels of the fermentation and pretreatment process, involved in fruits and vegetables biomass, and conditions which influence microbial culture and ethanol yield.</p>

The expanding role of m-RNA – Based therapeuticsin modern medicine

Ishani Verma and Avantika Dwivedi

  • Pages: 1-14
    • <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have rapidly evolved into a powerful platform following the success of COVID-19 vaccines, demonstrating high efficacy and rapid development potential (Pardi et al., 2018). Unlike traditional therapies, mRNA enables transient protein expression through cellular translation machinery, offering flexibility across vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, and genetic disease treatment. A defining feature of mRNA technology is its amplification effect, where a single molecule can produce 10&sup3;&ndash;10? protein copies depending on cellular and molecular conditions (Vogel et al., 2010). While this property enhances therapeutic efficiency, it complicates dose control and long-term protein regulation. Current lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems exhibit predictable kinetics, including rapid onset, peak expression within 24&ndash;48 hours, and decline over 7&ndash; 14 days (Hou et al., 2021). Although highly effective in vaccines and immunotherapy, these kinetics present limitations for chronic disease treatment requiring sustained protein levels. This review explores the principles, applications, challenges, and future prospects of mRNA therapeutics, emphasizing their role in protein replacement, regenerative medicine, and gene editing (Sahin et al., 2020)</p>

Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Psidium guajava Leaves: Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Application

Srishty Rana and Shraddha Sahu

  • Pages: 1-14
    • <p>The growing global prevalence of antimicrobial resistance alongside the continuous pollution of aquatic ecosystems by industrial effluents and synthetic dyes constitutes a critical challenge for modern healthcare and environmental management (Lebaka et al., 2025; Singh et al., 2018). Current therapeutic options are increasingly ineffective against resistant bacterial strains, while traditional chemical methods for treating wastewater often create secondary pollution and require significant energy, highlighting an urgent need for multifunctional, sustainable nanomaterials (Sirelkhatim et al., 2015). Biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) offer a sophisticated, dual-purpose solution, providing both robust broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and effective photocatalytic activity within a single, ecologically sound platform (Lebaka et al., 2025; Uikey &amp; Vishwakarma, 2016). As a wide-bandgap semiconductor (Eg = 3.37 eV) featuring a high exciton binding energy of 60 meV, ZnO possesses exceptional photostability and UV-absorption qualities, which allow it to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to light (Vaseem et al., 2010). Traditional fabrication methods&mdash;including sol-gel, coprecipitation, chemical vapor deposition, and hydrothermal techniques&mdash;are hindered by their dependence on harmful reducing agents, high energy usage, and the production of toxic waste (Iravani, 2011; Dahl et al., 2007). Green synthesis using plants provides a sustainable alternative by utilizing naturally occurring phytochemicals as dual-purpose capping and reducing agents (Singh et al., 2018). This review provides a critical evaluation of ZnO NP production through aqueous Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaf extracts, a medicinally important tropical species with leaves notably rich in triterpenoids, flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol), ellagitannins, and ascorbic acid, all of which act as highly effective stabilizing and reducing components (Kareem &amp; Kadhim, 2024). The plant-based colloidal synthesis process facilitates the regulated growth and nucleation of crystalline, hexagonal wurtzite ZnO NPs, where a protective phytochemical layer remains on the surface to provide both colloidal stability and biological functionality (Fiveable, 2025; Ramya et al., 2022). We examine the mechanistic role of guava-sourced tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols in forming the wurtzite-phase structure, and we summarize analytical characterizations conducted via dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Ramya et al., 2022; Vaseem et al., 2010). Furthermore, this paper analyzes antimicrobial pathways&mdash; specifically cell membrane damage, ROS production, and Zn&sup2;? ion toxicity&mdash;in parallel with photocatalytic dye degradation for textile wastewater treatment (Lebaka et al., 2025; Sirelkhatim et al., 2015; Tarek, 2014). The synergistic benefits of the retained phytochemical coating on both catalytic and biological performance are critically examined (Singh et al., 2018; Kareem &amp; Kadhim, 2024). Ultimately, this review highlights existing knowledge gaps, discusses obstacles to reproducibility and scalability, and suggests future research directions for the application of guava-derived ZnO NPs in textile, biomedical, and water-treatment industries (Lebaka et al., 2025; Iravani, 2011).</p>

A Comprehensive Review of Cervical Cancer, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Multidisciplinary Management

Shivangi Pandey and Avantika Dwivedi

  • Pages: 1-16
    • <p>Cervical cancer is a common yet preventable malignancy that predominantly affects women in low-resource settings. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major cause of cervical cancer and leads to molecular and cellular alterations involved in carcinogenesis (Doorbar et al., 2022). Despite advances in healthcare, cervical cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality due to inadequate awareness, limited screening, and delayed diagnosis (Brisson et al., 2022). Modern treatment strategies involve surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy based on disease stage and patient condition (Ciavattini et al., 2023). Preventive measures such as HPV vaccination and regular cervical screening remain essential for reducing disease incidence and mortality. Recent research focusing on molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and innovative therapeutic approaches has further improved cervical cancer management (Stanciu et al., 2023). This review summarizes recent advances in cervical cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary care and global preventive strategies.</p>
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