December 2025, VOLUME:11, ISSUE-4

COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT JOURNAL

A Review Paper On Business Regulatory Framework

Dr. Shivangi Awasthi

  • Pages: 1-9
    • <p>Business law plays a critical role in regulating commercial activities, protecting the rights of businesses and consumers, and maintaining ethical and legal standards in the marketplace. It encompasses various legal principles related to contracts, partnerships, corporations, employment, intellectual property, consumer protection, and dispute resolution. This research paper examines the concept, importance, scope, and applications of business law in modern organizations. The study reviews existing literature related to business law and analyzes its impact on organizational operations and economic development. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical methodology using secondary data collected from books, journals, legal publications, and academic sources. The findings reveal that business law provides a framework for fair trade practices, legal compliance, and corporate governance while reducing conflicts and ensuring business sustainability. The paper also discusses challenges associated with business law, including globalization, technological changes, cybercrime, and regulatory complexity. The study concludes that business law is essential for maintaining transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct in the business environment. Recommendations are provided to improve legal awareness and strengthen business compliance systems</p>

Job Analysis: A Comprehensive Research Paper

Dr. Munindra Prakash Shakya

  • Pages: 1-7
    • <p>Job analysis is a systematic process used by organizations to collect, evaluate, and organize information about job roles, responsibilities, required skills, working conditions, and employee qualifications. It plays a significant role in human resource management by supporting recruitment, selection, training, compensation, performance appraisal, and workforce planning. This research paper examines the concept, objectives, methods, importance, and applications of job analysis in modern organizations. The study also reviews existing literature related to job analysis and explores research methodologies commonly used in human resource management studies. Data analysis highlights the effectiveness of job analysis in improving organizational efficiency, employee productivity, and strategic human resource planning. Furthermore, the paper discusses challenges associated with job analysis, including technological changes, dynamic job roles, and employee resistance. The findings indicate that job analysis remains an essential management function for organizations aiming to improve operational effectiveness and achieve long-term organizational goals. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving job analysis practices through technology integration and continuous evaluation.</p>

A Study on Behavioural Biases and Their Impact on Investment DecisionMaking

Sanya Srivastava

  • Pages: 1-4
    • <p>Traditional financial theories assume that investors make rational decisions based on available information. However, in reality, investor behaviour is often influenced by psychological biases and emotional factors. This study examines the impact of behavioural biases on investment decision-making. The research is based on secondary data collected from academic journals, financial studies, and behavioural finance literature. The findings reveal that biases such as overconfidence, herd behaviour, loss aversion, and anchoring significantly influence investment decisions, often leading to irrational outcomes. These biases can result in excessive trading, poor portfolio diversification, and suboptimal investment strategies. The study concludes that understanding behavioural biases is essential for improving investment decisions and achieving better financial outcomes</p>

An Analytical Study of Capital Budgeting in Modern Financial Management

Dr. Indu Shukla

  • Pages: 1-7
    • <p>Capital budgeting is a crucial financial management process that helps organizations evaluate and select long-term investment projects. It involves analyzing investment opportunities, estimating future cash flows, assessing risks, and determining the profitability of projects to maximize shareholder wealth. Capital budgeting decisions influence organizational growth, profitability, competitiveness, and sustainability. This research paper examines the concept, importance, methods, and applications of capital budgeting in modern organizations. The study also reviews existing literature related to capital budgeting techniques and evaluates their effectiveness in financial decision-making. A descriptive and analytical research methodology based on secondary data has been used to analyze various capital budgeting approaches, including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period, Profitability Index, and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR). The paper highlights the advantages and limitations of these methods and discusses challenges faced by organizations in capital investment decisions. The findings indicate that capital budgeting plays a significant role in strategic financial planning and long-term business success. The study concludes that organizations should adopt scientifically advanced and risk-adjusted capital budgeting techniques to improve investment efficiency and financial performance.</p>
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